Vor etwa 2,3 Milliarden Jahren begann sich Sauerstoff in der Atmosphäre anzusammeln und erreichte schließlich das lebenserhaltende Niveau, das wir heute atmen. Eine neue Hypothese von MIT-Wissenschaftlern schlägt einen Mechanismus vor, wie dies passieren könnte. Auf dem Foto sind Beispiele für alte Organismen. Bildnachweis: MIT News
Mikroben und Mineralien könnten den Sauerstoff der Erde freigesetzt haben
Wissenschaftler schlagen einen neuen Mechanismus vor, durch den sich Sauerstoff erstmals in der Atmosphäre ansammeln kann.
In den ersten 2 Milliarden Jahren der Erdgeschichte gab es kaum Sauerstoff in der Luft. Während einige Mikroben im späteren Teil dieses Zeitraums Photosynthese betrieben, hatte sich Sauerstoff noch nicht auf einem Niveau angesammelt, das die globale Biosphäre beeinträchtigen würde.
Aber vor etwa 2,3 Milliarden Jahren verschob sich dieses stabile, sauerstoffarme Gleichgewicht, und Sauerstoff begann sich in der Atmosphäre anzusammeln und schließlich das lebenserhaltende Niveau zu erreichen, das wir heute atmen. Dieses schnelle Leck ist als Great Oxygenation Event oder GOE bekannt. Was dieses Ereignis auslöste und den Planeten aus dem Niedrigsauerstoff-Funk trieb, ist eines der großen Mysterien der Wissenschaft.
Eine neue Hypothese, vorgeschlagen von[{“ attribute=““>MIT scientists, suggests that oxygen finally started accumulating in the atmosphere thanks to interactions between certain marine microbes and minerals in ocean sediments. These interactions helped prevent oxygen from being consumed, setting off a self-amplifying process where more and more oxygen was made available to accumulate in the atmosphere.
The scientists have laid out their hypothesis using mathematical and evolutionary analyses, showing that there were indeed microbes that existed before the GOE and evolved the ability to interact with sediment in the way that the researchers have proposed.
Their study, appearing today in Nature Communications, is the first to connect the co-evolution of microbes and minerals to Earth’s oxygenation.
“Probably the most important biogeochemical change in the history of the planet was oxygenation of the atmosphere,” says study author Daniel Rothman, professor of geophysics in MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences (EAPS). “We show how the interactions of microbes, minerals, and the geochemical environment acted in concert to increase oxygen in the atmosphere.”
The study’s co-authors include lead author Haitao Shang, a former MIT graduate student, and Gregory Fournier, associate professor of geobiology in EAPS.
A step up
Today’s oxygen levels in the atmosphere are a stable balance between processes that produce oxygen and those that consume it. Prior to the GOE, the atmosphere maintained a different kind of equilibrium, with producers and consumers of oxygen in balance, but in a way that didn’t leave much extra oxygen for the atmosphere.
What could have pushed the planet out of one stable, oxygen-deficient state to another stable, oxygen-rich state?
“If you look at Earth’s history, it appears there were two jumps, where you went from a steady state of low oxygen to a steady state of much higher oxygen, once in the Paleoproterozoic, once in the Neoproterozoic,” Fournier notes. “These jumps couldn’t have been because of a gradual increase in excess oxygen. There had to have been some feedback loop that caused this step-change in stability.”
He and his colleagues wondered whether such a positive feedback loop could have come from a process in the ocean that made some organic carbon unavailable to its consumers. Organic carbon is mainly consumed through oxidation, usually accompanied by the consumption of oxygen — a process by which microbes in the ocean use oxygen to break down organic matter, such as detritus that has settled in sediment. The team wondered: Could there have been some process by which the presence of oxygen stimulated its further accumulation?
Shang and Rothman worked out a mathematical model that made the following prediction: If microbes possessed the ability to only partially oxidize organic matter, the partially-oxidized matter, or “POOM,” would effectively become “sticky,” and chemically bind to minerals in sediment in a way that would protect the material from further oxidation. The oxygen that would otherwise have been consumed to fully degrade the material would instead be free to build up in the atmosphere. This process, they found, could serve as a positive feedback, providing a natural pump to push the atmosphere into a new, high-oxygen equilibrium.
“That led us to ask, is there a microbial metabolism out there that produced POOM?” Fourier says.
In the genes
To answer this, the team searched through the scientific literature and identified a group of microbes that partially oxidizes organic matter in the deep ocean today. These microbes belong to the bacterial group SAR202, and their partial oxidation is carried out through an enzyme, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, or BVMO.
The team carried out a phylogenetic analysis to see how far back the microbe, and the gene for the enzyme, could be traced. They found that the bacteria did indeed have ancestors dating back before the GOE, and that the gene for the enzyme could be traced across various microbial species, as far back as pre-GOE times.
What’s more, they found that the gene’s diversification, or the number of species that acquired the gene, increased significantly during times when the atmosphere experienced spikes in oxygenation, including once during the GOE’s Paleoproterozoic, and again in the Neoproterozoic.
“We found some temporal correlations between diversification of POOM-producing genes, and the oxygen levels in the atmosphere,” Shang says. “That supports our overall theory.”
To confirm this hypothesis will require far more follow-up, from experiments in the lab to surveys in the field, and everything in between. With their new study, the team has introduced a new suspect in the age-old case of what oxygenated Earth’s atmosphere.
“Proposing a novel method, and showing evidence for its plausibility, is the first but important step,” Fournier says. “We’ve identified this as a theory worthy of study.”
Reference: “Oxidative metabolisms catalyzed Earth’s oxygenation” by Haitao Shang, Daniel H. Rothman and Gregory P. Fournier, 14 March 2022, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28996-0
This work was supported in part by the mTerra Catalyst Fund and the National Science Foundation.