Der Evolutionsprozess hinter der beeindruckenden Größe gigantischer Riesensauropoden.
Sauropoden, zu denen die berühmten Dinosaurier mit verlängertem Hals gehören, wie z Brachiosaurus Und ApatosaurusEs war das größte Tier, das jemals auf der Erde lebte. Kein anderer Dinosaurier oder Säugetier kommt dem nahe. Eine aktuelle Studie der Adelphi University gibt nun Einblick in den schrittweisen Prozess, durch den diese riesigen Riesen im Laufe der Zeit ihre Rekordgrößen erreichten.
„Früher ging man davon aus, dass Sauropoden in ihrer Evolutionsgeschichte mehrere Male unabhängig voneinander ihre außergewöhnliche Größe entwickelten, aber durch neue Analysen wissen wir jetzt, dass die Zahl viel höher ist, mit etwa dreißig Vorkommen im Laufe von rund 100 Millionen Jahren“, sagte der Paläontologe Michael Dimmick , Assistenzprofessor an der University of California, San Francisco. Biologe an der Adelphi University in New York und Autor der Studie, die kürzlich in der Zeitschrift veröffentlicht wurde.
To investigate sauropod body size evolution, D’Emic compiled measurements of the circumferences of hundreds of weight-bearing bones, correlated with the weight of the animal they belonged to. He then used a technique called ancestral state reconstruction to map the reconstructed body masses of nearly 200 sauropod species onto their evolutionary tree.
The results show that sauropods reached their exceptional sizes early in their evolution and that with each new sauropod family to evolve, one or more lineages independently reached superlative status.
“Before going extinct with the other dinosaurs (besides birds) at the end of the Cretaceous Period, sauropods evolved their unrivaled sizes a total of three dozen times,” he explains. “These largest-of-the-largest sauropods were ecologically distinct, having differently shaped teeth and heads and differently proportioned bodies, indicating that they occupied the ‘large bodied’ niche somewhat differently from one another.”
Microscopic study of their bones revealed that sauropods had different growth rates as well, suggesting that the record-setters were metabolically distinct. This mirrors the pattern in mammals, which evolved very large body sizes quickly in the wake of the dinosaur extinction, before plateauing in the gigantic-mammoth range.
D’Emic’s findings contradict “Cope’s Rule,” the popular 19th-century theory that animals’ size evolves over time. Instead, the new study sees animals achieving different body sizes depending on their ecological context and whatever niches happened to be available–which can appear random when looked at from a large scale.
“While other researchers have explained sauropods’ immense size in general based on their unique combination of features, there is no one feature or set of features that characterize the sauropods that did surpass terrestrial mammal size from the ones that didn’t,” he says.
Untangling why certain lineages evolved their super-giant sizes while other ones didn’t will be the next step in the research.
Reference: “The evolution of maximum terrestrial body mass in sauropod dinosaurs” by Michael Daniel D’Emic, 8 May 2023, Current Biology.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.067